Peeling off his latex gloves after treating a 4-year-old boy having a severe asthma attack, J. R. Muyleart sighed with a touch of frustration. It was 3 a.m. and in the past 24-hour shift, Mr. Muyleart, a firefighter, had responded to at least one emergency call per hour.

But only two of those calls were for fires; most of the others involved heart attacks, diabetic sores, epileptic seizures and people complaining of shortness of breath.

“I joined the force to battle blazes, not to be an emergency room doctor,” Mr. Muyleart, 35, said as he and the rest of Engine Company 10 drove back to their firehouse, which for most of the last 15 years has been the busiest in the country, according to industry surveys.

Among the hidden costs of the health care crisis is the burden that fire departments across the country are facing as firefighters, much like emergency room doctors, are increasingly serving as primary care providers.

About 80 percent of the calls handled by Engine Company 10 are medical emergencies because the firehouse serves one of the city’s poorest areas, where few residents have health insurance, doctors’ checkups are rare, and medical problems are left to fester until someone dials 911.

In many big cities, the problem is compounded by budget shortfalls that have led to the elimination or proposed elimination of 6,000 firefighter jobs in the past year, or about 2 percent of all firefighters, according to the International Association of Fire Fighters. At the same time, emergency calls have increased by 1.2 million, or 3.5 percent, compared with the year before.

Washington’s fire department, which has not faced major layoffs, is dispatched along with Emergency Medical Services to almost all emergency calls in the belief that it can provide the quickest response. It gets more such calls per capita than just about any other fire department in the nation, and a disproportionate number come from poorer neighborhoods like Trinidad, where Engine 10 is based, in the Northeast section of the city.

In New York City, only about 45 percent of the 473,335 calls answered by firefighters last year involved medical emergencies. The city’s Emergency Medical Service handles most medical calls, responding to 1.2 million last year.

Fire departments nationwide responded to almost 1.5 million fire calls in 2008, compared with 3 million in 1980, according to the National Fire Protection Association. Fire departments went on about 15.8 million medical calls in 2008, up from about 5 million in 1980, a 213 percent increase. The shift has occurred as cities realized that firefighters could respond more quickly than ambulances, and more cities trained firefighters as emergency medical technicians.

Some cities have questioned the cost of dispatching fire engines to medical emergencies, but most have determined that it is too risky not to always send the closest emergency personnel.

In St. Louis, Emergency Medical Services and the Fire Department merged in 1997 to save money. But the city fire chief, Dennis M. Jenkerson, still sends fire trucks on most medical calls.

“People call and say, ‘I’m having trouble breathing,’ ” Chief Jenkerson said. “Can they afford to wait five and a half, six minutes, for an ambulance? No. Seconds count with most medical emergencies.”

Most other departments also dispatch fire trucks to medical calls because firefighters are trained emergency medical technicians, cities have more fire trucks than ambulances, and fire stations are located throughout the city, said Lori Moore-Merrell of the International Association of Fire Fighters.

“If it’s a serious medical call, a fire, we sprint, regardless,” Mr. Muyleart said as he hustled to the truck after a caller reported chest pains. “It just seems like so many people use us as their primary care providers.”

-The New York Times

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